4.1 Navigation

• Describe the geographic coordinate system used in basic navigation:
  - UTM map projection
  - Latitude and longitude
• Describe the concept of Global Navigation Satellite System:
  - Basic principles of operation and common errors
  - Factors affecting accuracy of satellite navigation systems
• State the examples of navigation systems: -
  • Global Navigation Satellite System
    - Global Positioning System (GPS)
    - Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)
    - BeiDou
    - Galileo
  • Other forms of navigation systems
    - Local area differential GNSS (WADGNSS)
    - Classical DGNSS
    - Real Time Kinematics (RTK)
    - Wide Area Kinematics (WARTK)
• Describe other forms of guidance systems, their operating principles and pros/cons:
  - Infra-red (IR) system
  - Vision-based system
  - Ultrasound system
  - Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) system

4.2 Meteorology

• State atmospheric properties and their effects on UA performance:
  - Pressure
  - Temperature
  - Density
  - Humidity
• Define basic altimetry terms:
  - Height
  - Elevation
  - Altitude
  - Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL)
  - Above Ground Level (AGL)
• Describe the characteristics of the cloud types:
  - Cumulus (CU)
  - Cumulonimbus (CB)
• Describe the different types of winds and their impact on UA ground speeds during operations:
  - Headwind
  - Tailwind
  - Crosswind
• Describe how to obtain and interpret reliable weather information:
  - Meteorological Services Singapore (non-aviation)
  - Meteorological Terminal Air Report (METAR)